Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2026

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons
15:05

Functional Evaluation of Biological Neurotoxins in Networked Cultures of Stem Cell-derived Central Nervous System Neurons

Published on: February 5, 2015

Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin induces release of noradrenaline from the neurosecretory PC12 cell line

K Ozutsumi, N Sugimoto, M Matsuda

    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
    |April 14, 1987
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact11:29

    Development of an Insert Co-culture System of Two Cellular Types in the Absence of Cell-Cell Contact

    Published on: July 17, 2016

    Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples08:00

    Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples

    Published on: October 18, 2019

    Related Concept Videos

    Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

    Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

    Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
    Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...
    Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

    Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

    Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
    Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

    Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

    The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
    Collateral Ganglia
    Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
    The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
    Sympathetic Signaling01:31

    Sympathetic Signaling

    Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
    Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
    Tetanus01:29

    Tetanus

    Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
    Botulism01:22

    Botulism

    Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...