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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Isolation, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles from Cultured Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Do Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Contain Functional Mitochondria?

Ljubava D Zorova1,2, Sergei I Kovalchuk3, Vasily A Popkov1,2

  • 1A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Mesenchymal stromal stem cell extracellular vesicles (EV) contain mitochondrial components but lack fully functional mitochondria. Further research is needed to confirm mitochondrial activity within these stem cell-derived EVs.

Keywords:
ectosomesexosomesextracellular vesiclesmesenchymal stromal cellsmitochondriastem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Extracellular Vesicles

Background:

  • Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial in cell therapy.
  • Mitochondrial presence in EVs is documented, but their functionality remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and functionality of mitochondria within mesenchymal stromal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs.
  • To analyze EV fractions separated by size for mitochondrial components and activity.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry using mitochondrial dyes (MitoTracker Green, 10-nonylacridine orange).
  • Analysis of mitochondrial proteins, DNA, and respiratory activity.
  • Separation of MSC-derived EV fractions by size.

Main Results:

  • EVs contained mitochondrial lipid components and proteins from all mitochondrial compartments, including respiratory chain complexes and Krebs cycle enzymes.
  • Mitochondrial membrane potential probes showed negative responses.
  • Oxygen consumption in EVs was variable and not fully explained by mitochondrial respiration.

Conclusions:

  • MSCs-derived EVs contain diverse mitochondrial components but not fully functional mitochondria.
  • The lack of functional mitochondria may stem from missing cofactors or the EV isolation process.