Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Organic Dusty-Misty Plasma-Assisted Modeling of Natural Fiber Adsorbent-Bed for Mn (II) and Cd (II) from Aqueous System.

Journal of environmental chemical engineering·2025
Same author

Development of a Cure Model for Unsaturated Polyester Resin Systems Based on Processing Conditions.

Polymers·2024
Same author

Performance of hybrid Innegra-carbon fiber composites.

Scientific reports·2023
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing
04:32

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing

Published on: April 14, 2023

1.1K

Photoinitiator Selection and Concentration in Photopolymer Formulations towards Large-Format Additive Manufacturing.

Alex Stiles1, Thomas-Allan Tison2, Liam Pruitt3

  • 1Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Middle Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.

Polymers
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that low concentrations of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO) photoinitiator enable rapid photopolymer cure in large-format additive manufacturing. Optimal BAPO levels improve light penetration and cure depth, crucial for thick-section 3D printing applications.

Keywords:
BAPOadditive manufacturinglarge formatlarge scalephotobleachingphotopolymer

More Related Videos

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
13:37

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials

Published on: January 25, 2012

14.7K
3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

3.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing
04:32

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing

Published on: April 14, 2023

1.1K
Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials
13:37

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials

Published on: January 25, 2012

14.7K
3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

3.8K

Area of Science:

  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Polymer Science
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Photopolymers are suitable for large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) due to rapid curing under UV light.
  • Limited UV light penetration in thick sections (2-4 mm) hinders complete photopolymerization.
  • Photobleaching photoinitiators (PIs) can improve cure depth by creating a photoinitiation wavefront, but this effect is time-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate light transmission and cure behavior in (meth)acrylate photopolymers using a specific photobleaching PI.
  • Evaluate the impact of bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phenylphosphine oxide (BAPO) concentration on cure depth and speed.
  • Assess the utility of optical modeling for predicting photopolymer formulation performance in LFAM.

Main Methods:

  • Formulated (meth)acrylate photopolymers with varying concentrations of BAPO (0.1 wt% to 0.5 wt%).
  • Employed an optical model to predict photoinitiation onset based on PI concentration.
  • Conducted in situ cure measurements under controlled UV LED irradiation (380 mW/cm², 1.7 W/cm²).

Main Results:

  • A BAPO concentration of 0.1 wt% achieved peak polymerization rate within 2.5 seconds at a 3-mm depth.
  • Short UV irradiation times (1 s) with 0.1 wt% BAPO yielded the highest cure levels.
  • Specimens cured with 5.5 J/cm² (3.7 s) exhibited a flexural strength of 108 MPa and modulus of 3.1 GPa.
  • Excess PI concentration inhibited light transmission, even with extended irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • Optical modeling can serve as a screening tool for photopolymer formulations, identifying optimal PI concentration limits for desired cure depths.
  • Photobleaching offers limited benefits for LFAM with short UV irradiation times (1-3.7 s).
  • Careful control of PI concentration is essential to balance cure speed and light transmission in thick-section photopolymerization.