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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 5, 2025

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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The performance during four stationary knife attacks: Implications for tactical training.

Michael Kantor1, William J Lewinski2, Susannah Reiner1

  • 1Office of Research & Sponsored Projects, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT 84601, USA.

Forensic Science International
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Knife attacks are swift, with most motions executable in under a second. This research provides critical data for improving self-defense training against knife threats, highlighting the speed of attacks.

Keywords:
Edge weapon attacksForensicKnife attack performancePolice trainingUse of force

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic biomechanics
  • Human motion analysis
  • Law enforcement training

Background:

  • Knives are a common weapon in violent crimes in the USA.
  • Over 72,000 knife-related offenses occurred between 2010 and 2020.
  • Understanding knife attack dynamics is crucial for self-defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure the execution time of different knife motions (stab and slash).
  • To assess the variability in performing these knife motions.
  • To inform the development of effective self-defense strategies against knife attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty active-duty law enforcement officers (LEOs) participated.
  • Subjects performed stab (Thrust, Overhead) and slash (Figure 8, Reverse) motions.
  • Wearable motion sensors and high-speed cameras recorded the movements.

Main Results:

  • Thrust (0.61s), Overhead (0.68s), and Reverse (0.62s) motions were significantly faster than Figure 8 (1.07s).
  • The Figure 8 motion was significantly slower than other motions (p < 0.001).
  • High reliability and agreement were found for Overhead and Figure 8 motions.

Conclusions:

  • Knife attacks can occur too rapidly for many individuals to evade.
  • The study provides data to enhance evidence-based training for knife attack preparation and defense.
  • LEOs and civilians may have limited time to react during knife attacks.