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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 8, 2025

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
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Competition Between Desired Competitive Result, Tolerable Homeostatic Disturbance, and Psychophysiological

Carl Foster1, Jos J de Koning1,2, Florentina J Hettinga3

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|February 27, 2023
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Summary

Pacing in sports involves managing energy use to achieve competitive results while combating fatigue. Recent research explores psychophysiology and decision-making in head-to-head races to better understand pacing strategies.

Keywords:
fatiguehomeostasispsychophysiology

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Psychophysiology

Background:

  • Pacing has been scientifically studied for over 100 years.
  • Contemporary research on pacing in athletic competition and fatigue has advanced over the last 30 years.
  • Pacing is defined as the pattern of energy utilization to optimize competitive outcomes while managing fatigue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of pacing research from early time-trial studies to contemporary head-to-head competition analysis.
  • To explore various models explaining pacing behavior, including the teleoanticipation and central governor models.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding psychophysiological mediators of pacing and "falling behind" in competition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and contemporary scientific literature on pacing.
  • Analysis of studies employing time-trial and head-to-head competition methodologies.
  • Examination of theoretical models explaining pacing strategies and fatigue management.

Main Results:

  • Early pacing research focused on managing homeostatic disturbances during exercise.
  • Recent studies emphasize the role of psychophysiology in mediating pacing during competitive events.
  • Pacing is increasingly understood through decision-making processes, incorporating sensory, affective, and cognitive dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • Pacing research has evolved from a focus on physiological regulation to encompass complex psychophysiological and decision-making aspects.
  • Understanding pacing in head-to-head competition requires considering factors beyond simple exertion.
  • Advanced models now integrate multiple psychophysiological dimensions to explain variations in pacing behavior.