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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell membranes, and interact with intracellular target receptors. Lipophilic drugs have an advantage in crossing biological barriers and reaching their intended sites of action. However, lipophilic drugs often have a restricted capacity for renal expulsion or elimination from the body. When these drugs enter the kidneys and undergo glomerular...
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Drug concentration is the quantity of a drug present in a biological sample. Measuring drug amounts in biological samples allows the clinician to understand how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Samples can be obtained through invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques involve surgical or parenteral interventions to gather blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue biopsy. Conversely, non-invasive approaches provide samples like urine, feces, and saliva.
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Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Invertebrates differentially bioaccumulate pharmaceuticals: Implications for routine biomonitoring.

Kateřina Grabicová1, Andrea Vojs Staňová2, Helena Švecová1

  • 1University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Urbanization increases pharmaceutical pollution in rivers. Current water quality monitoring for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) needs updating to include pharmaceuticals, as invertebrates accumulate these contaminants more than fish.

Keywords:
Benthic invertebratesEuropean chubJuvenile fishPassive samplingPharmaceuticalsZebra mussel

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Aquatic Ecology

Background:

  • Surface water quality monitoring traditionally focuses on persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
  • Increasing global urbanization leads to higher discharge of treated wastewater and raw sewage.
  • Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are emerging contaminants indicating urbanization impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the occurrence of 67 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in various aquatic matrices.
  • To investigate pharmaceutical bioaccumulation in different bioindicator organisms (invertebrates and fish).
  • To evaluate the suitability of existing monitoring programs for emerging contaminants.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an existing monitoring program for nonionizable POPs to analyze pharmaceuticals.
  • Collected water samples and multiple biota matrices (benthic invertebrates, juvenile and adult fish).
  • Deployed caged zebra mussels and passive samplers in situ for a fixed period.

Main Results:

  • A significant correlation was found between pharmaceutical levels in passive samplers and caged zebra mussels and benthic invertebrates.
  • Invertebrates accumulated a wider range and higher concentrations of pharmaceuticals compared to fish.
  • Sertraline and telmisartan were found at the highest concentrations in zebra mussels and benthic invertebrates, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Existing surface water quality monitoring programs require revision to include pharmaceuticals and other ionizable contaminants.
  • Invertebrates are important bioindicators for pharmaceutical contamination, accumulating more than fish.
  • Updated monitoring strategies are crucial to address the bioaccumulation dynamics of emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.