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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

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Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for...
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Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

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Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences01:06

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The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...
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Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective01:23

Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective

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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
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Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

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Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
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Mate Choice01:20

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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Updated: Sep 5, 2025

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Sex differences in appetitive and reactive aggression.

Antonio V Aubry1,2, C Joseph Burnett1,2, Nastacia L Goodwin3,4

  • 1Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Brain-Body Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|July 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mouse aggression shows significant sex differences. While males find aggression rewarding and will work for it, females display different aggressive behaviors but do not find aggression reinforcing, revealing key distinctions in social behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Biology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Aggression is a crucial, evolutionarily conserved social behavior.
  • Previous research primarily focused on the neural and molecular mechanisms of aggression in male mice.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding female aggression within similar experimental contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in both reactive and appetitive aggression in mice.
  • To utilize an ethologically relevant model comparing male and female aggression.
  • To explore the rewarding and reinforcing properties of aggression in both sexes.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a resident-intruder (RI) test to assess reactive aggression.
  • Utilized aggression conditioned place preference (CPP) and operant self-administration (SA) tests for appetitive aggression.
  • Studied aggression in pair-housed adult male and female outbred CFW mice.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences were observed in both qualitative and quantitative aspects of aggression.
  • Males displayed more wrestling and less investigation during RI, finding aggression rewarding.
  • Females exhibited more bites, alternated behaviors more readily, but did not find aggression rewarding or reinforcing.

Conclusions:

  • Established clear sex differences in mouse aggression, impacting reactive and appetitive behaviors.
  • Provides a foundation for understanding the circuit and molecular underpinnings of aggression in both male and female mice.
  • Highlights the importance of considering sex as a biological variable in aggression research.