Formation and Parallel Manipulation of Gradient Droplets on a Self-Partitioning SlipChip for Phenotypic Antimicrobial...

Flexible, robust, and user-friendly screening systems with a large dynamic range are highly desired in scientific research, industrial development, and clinical diagnostics. Droplet-based microfluidic systems with gradient concentrations of chemicals have been demonstrated as promising tools to provide confined microenvironments for screening tests with small reaction volumes. However, the generation and manipulation of gradient droplets, such as droplet merging, generally require sophisticated fluidic manipulation systems, potentially limiting their application in decentralized settings. We present a gradient-droplet SlipChip (gd-SlipChip) microfluidic device that enables instrument-free gradient droplet formation and parallel manipulation. The device can establish a gradient profile by free interfacial diffusion in a continuous fluidic channel. With a simple slipping step, gradient droplets can be generated by a surface tension-driven self-partitioning process. Additional reagents can be introduced in parallel to these gradient droplets with further slipping operations to initiate screening tests of the droplets over a large concentration range. To profile the concentration in the gradient droplets, we establish a numerical simulation model and verify it with hydrogen chloride (HCl) diffusion, as tested with a dual-color pH indicator (methyl orange and aniline blue). As a proof of concept, we tested this system with a gradient concentration of nitrofurantoin for the phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli. The results of our gd-SlipChip-based AST on both reference and clinical strains of E. coli can be indicated by the bacterial growth profile within 3 h and are consistent with the clinical culture-based AST.