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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Extrapulmonary Manifestations COVID-19.

Erni J Nelwan1, Rahajeng N Tunjungputri, Erpryta N Tetrasiwi

  • 1Fellow of the American College of Physicians; Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. ejnelwan@yahoo.com.

Acta Medica Indonesiana
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 can present with extrapulmonary symptoms like mouth sores, red eyes, sore throat, or heart rhythm issues, even without respiratory signs. Early suspicion and SARS-CoV-2 testing are crucial for diagnosing these rare cases.

Keywords:
COVID-19extrapulmonary

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to millions of infections globally.
  • Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 typically include respiratory symptoms, but extrapulmonary presentations are increasingly recognized.
  • Extrapulmonary COVID-19 without typical respiratory signs is rare and often leads to delayed diagnosis.

Observation:

  • This report details four patients presenting with isolated extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.
  • Case 1: A 44-year-old female with tongue ulcer and low-grade fever after initial respiratory symptoms resolved.
  • Case 2: A 37-year-old male with conjunctivitis, itching, and tearing.
  • Case 3: A 44-year-old female with pharyngitis, fever, and chills, lacking respiratory complaints.
  • Case 4: A 30-year-old healthy female diagnosed with COVID-19-associated atrial fibrillation.

Findings:

  • The four patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 stomatitis, conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, and atrial fibrillation, respectively.
  • All patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via PCR.
  • These cases highlight diverse, non-respiratory clinical presentations of COVID-19.

Implications:

  • Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for COVID-19 in patients with unexplained extrapulmonary symptoms, even in the absence of respiratory distress.
  • Routine SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing should be considered for patients with persistent extrapulmonary complaints, especially when COVID-19 transmission rates are decreasing.
  • Recognizing these varied presentations is vital for timely diagnosis and management of COVID-19, preventing potential complications.