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Hantavirus Infection: Review of Clinical Management.
Robert Sinto1, Adeline Intan Pasaribu1, Sharifah Shakinah1
1Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.. rsinto@yahoo.com.
Acta Medica Indonesiana
|July 9, 2026
Summary
Hantavirus infection, a rodent-borne zoonotic disease, causes severe Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) or Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS). Research highlights its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and supportive care, with ongoing efforts in diagnostics and treatments.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Virology
- Public Health
Background:
- Hantavirus infections are zoonotic diseases transmitted by rodents, causing significant morbidity and mortality through Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS).
- Emerging Hantavirus strains and global outbreaks necessitate updated knowledge on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
- Endothelial cell infection by Hantaviruses leads to vascular leakage, thrombocytopenia, and immune-mediated complications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize current evidence on Hantavirus epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
- To review diagnostic approaches including serological and virological methods (RT-PCR).
- To evaluate current management strategies and explore potential antiviral therapies and vaccine development.
Main Methods:
- A narrative literature review was conducted.
- Searched databases for published articles, review papers, epidemiological reports, and clinical studies on Hantavirus up to 2026.
- Analyzed and synthesized evidence on all aspects of Hantavirus infection.
Main Results:
- Hantaviruses primarily target endothelial cells, causing vascular permeability and capillary leakage.
- HFRS and HCPS present distinct symptoms (renal vs. cardiopulmonary), with increasing overlap observed.
- Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, exposure history, serology, and RT-PCR; management is mainly supportive, with Ribavirin showing inconclusive benefits and Favipiravir lacking human data.
- Prevention focuses on rodent exposure control; vaccine development is ongoing.
Conclusions:
- Hantavirus infection remains a significant global health threat due to its severity and mortality.
- Enhanced understanding of pathogenesis, improved diagnostics, and development of effective antiviral treatments and vaccines are crucial.
- Continued research is essential for better patient outcomes and robust prevention strategies against Hantavirus.
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