Quality of Life Research in Cardiovascular Disease in Indonesia: A Scoping Review

Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Beyond mortality, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is increasingly recognized as a key outcome and is commonly assessed using patient-reported measures. In Indonesia, cultural and linguistic diversity poses challenges, as most HRQoL instruments have been developed in other contexts. This scoping review aimed to map HRQoL research in Indonesian cardiovascular disease populations by identifying validated instruments, describing study designs and measurement tools, and summarizing HRQoL outcomes.

This review was registered on Figshare (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.29218991) and conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and included grey literature. Studies reporting HRQoL measurement in Indonesian populations were included.

A total of 54 studies were included. Both generic and disease-specific HRQoL instruments were identified. Common generic tools included SF-36, SF-12, WHOQOL-BREF, and PedsQL, while disease-specific instruments included MLHFQ, KCCQ, Seattle Angina Questionnaire, AFSS, ASTA, AFEQT, MacNew, and AQUAREL. Only several instruments have been culturally validated, while others were used without prior validation, and some validated tools remained underutilized. HRQoL was influenced by clinical, psychological, behavioral, and social factors.

HRQoL research in Indonesia is growing but remains heterogeneous. This mismatch highlights a critical gap between research capacity and real-world implementation in Indonesia. Greater use of standardized tools and longitudinal designs is needed to strengthen patient-centered cardiovascular care.