Ion Substitution Strategy of Manganese-Based Layered Oxide Cathodes for Advanced and Low-Cost Sodium Ion Batteries

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have recently been promising in the large-scale electric energy storage system, due to the low cost, abundant sodium resources. Mn-based layered oxide cathode materials have been widely investigated, because of the high theoretical specific capacity, low cost, and abundant reserves. However, their development is limited by the problems of Jahn-Teller distortion, Na⁺ /vacancy ordering, complex phase transitions, and irreversible anionic redox during cycling. Ion substitution strategy is one simple and effective way to regulate the crystal structure and boost sodium-storage performances of Mn-based cathode materials. In this review, we summarize the progress and mechanism of ion-substituted Mn-based oxides, establish a composition-crystal structure-electrochemical performance relationship, and also offer perspectives for guiding the design of high-performance Mn-based oxides for SIBs.