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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition in Metallic Droplets.

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Substrates can induce liquid-liquid phase transitions (LLPT) in aluminum (Al) droplets, forming ordered structures. Adding titanium (Ti) further promotes this LLPT, especially in confined environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase transitions (LLPT) are fundamental phenomena in condensed matter physics.
  • Understanding substrate effects on droplet behavior is crucial for materials processing.
  • The interplay between different metal elements in liquid alloys presents complex phase behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the theoretical evidence of substrate-induced LLPT in single Al droplets.
  • To explore the influence of Ti addition on the LLPT of Al droplets.
  • To examine the LLPT behavior of confined Ti-Al droplets.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling and simulation of droplet behavior under substrate influence.
  • Analysis of structural transitions from disordered to ordered liquid states.
  • Investigation of alloy droplet formation and film structures.

Main Results:

  • Substrates partially induce LLPT in Al droplets, leading to a unique three-layer structure.
  • Introduction of Ti promotes LLPT in Al droplets, preventing homogeneous mixing and forming ordered liquid films.
  • Confined Ti-Al droplets in wedge-shaped substrates exhibit enhanced LLPT.

Conclusions:

  • Substrates and Ti act as key driving forces for promoting LLPT in Al and Ti-Al droplets.
  • The transition from disordered to ordered liquid structures is a key characteristic of substrate-induced LLPT.
  • Confinement effects significantly increase the likelihood of LLPT in Ti-Al alloy systems.