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Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

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Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

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Unique Porous Oxide Shell on Liquid Gallium Nanoparticles.

Zhichao Li1, Ruopu Zhao1, Wenlong Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The oxidation of liquid gallium nanoparticles (GNPs) involves cracking and wrinkling of the oxide skin, driven by oxidation and liquid core flow. This process transforms GNP structure and is temperature-dependent, impacting material production.

Keywords:
gallium nanoparticlesoxidationoxide “skin” cracking and wrinklingreactive molecular dynamics simulation“crater” oxides

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • The oxide layer on liquid gallium influences its wettability.
  • The precise oxidation mechanism of liquid gallium remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the oxidation mechanism of gallium nanoparticles (GNPs).
  • To elucidate the role of oxide skin in GNP morphological changes.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental studies.
  • Reactive molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • Observed cracking and wrinkling of the oxide skin during GNP oxidation.
  • Demonstrated that oxidation and liquid core flow synergistically drive these behaviors.
  • Identified temperature-dependent oxide nucleation modes (chain-like vs. island-like) affecting oxide morphology.
  • Showcased morphological transformation from core-shell to spherical crown-like structures.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies the atomic-scale oxidation mechanism of GNPs.
  • Findings provide insights into oxide skin dynamics and morphological evolution.
  • Results have practical implications for producing patterned circuit filling materials.