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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

Bone Structure

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Author Spotlight: Insights into an Efficient Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model Protocol

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Structure-function relationships in dog dentin.

Jason W Soukup¹, Scott J Hetzel², Donald S Stone³

¹Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA.

Journal of Biomechanics

|July 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Dog dentin

Keywords:

Dentin Dentinal tubules Mechanical properties Microstructure Nanoindentation

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Dental Research
Mechanobiology

Background:

Understanding teeth mechanical properties is crucial for diagnosing physiological functions and pathological changes.
Dentin's complex microstructure significantly influences its mechanical behavior.
Quantifying dentin's mechanical properties aids in developing biomimetic materials and understanding dental diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the spatial distribution of elastic modulus, hardness, and microstructural features in dog dentin.
To investigate quantitative relationships between mechanical properties and dentin's microstructure.
To explore anisotropy and spatial variations in dentin's mechanical characteristics.

Main Methods:

Maxillary canine teeth from 10 mature dogs were sectioned transversely and vertically.
Nanoindentation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed for testing.
Dentin area fraction and dentinal tubule density were quantified alongside mechanical properties.

Main Results:

Significant anisotropy and spatial variation were observed in elastic modulus, hardness, dentin area fraction, and tubule density.
Hardness, elastic modulus, and dentin area fraction decreased from superficial to deep dentin and crown tip to base.
Tubule density generally increased from superficial to deep dentin, showing a consistent distribution pattern.

Conclusions:

Poor to moderate correlations were found between microstructural features and mechanical properties, suggesting other constituents influence dentin's behavior.
Further investigation is needed into the roles of organic components like collagen and mineral content on dentin's mechanical properties.
These findings provide a foundation for understanding mammalian dentin mechanics and developing advanced dental materials.