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Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Horizontal gene transfer in yeasts.

Paula Gonçalves1, Carla Gonçalves2

  • 1Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|July 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is rare in eukaryotes but common in yeasts, involving gene exchange between species. This study summarizes HGT instances, mechanisms, and its role in yeast domestication.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major driver of genetic diversity in bacteria.
  • HGT in eukaryotes, particularly outside endosymbiotic relationships, was historically considered rare and difficult to substantiate.
  • Recent evidence increasingly supports interdomain HGT in eukaryotes, especially in fungi like yeasts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize prominent cases of HGT in yeasts.
  • To review the frequency, distribution, and mechanisms of HGT in yeasts.
  • To explore the barriers, functions, and evolutionary role of HGT in yeast domestication.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of published studies on HGT in yeasts.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting interdomain HGT based on stringent criteria.
  • Examination of genetic, functional, and evolutionary data related to acquired genes.

Main Results:

  • Numerous well-documented instances of HGT have been identified in various yeast species.
  • HGT in yeasts involves diverse mechanisms and faces specific biological barriers.
  • Acquired genes contribute to yeast adaptation and play a role in their domestication.

Conclusions:

  • Interdomain HGT is a significant evolutionary force in yeasts, contrary to earlier assumptions.
  • Understanding HGT mechanisms and outcomes in yeasts provides insights into eukaryotic evolution.
  • HGT has demonstrably influenced the genetic makeup and traits of domesticated yeasts.