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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
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Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
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Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Altered bladder-related brain network in multiple sclerosis women with voiding dysfunction.

Zhaoyue Shi1, Christof Karmonik1, Amelia Soltes2,3

  • 1Translational Imaging Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|July 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Healthy women exhibit stronger brain functional connectivity (FC) during bladder control compared to women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and voiding dysfunction. This identifies altered neural networks in neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD).

Keywords:
brain connectivityfunctional magnetic resonance imagingmicturitionmultiple sclerosisneurogenic bladderurinary retentionurodynamic studyvoiding dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Urology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Neurourology studies often focus on brain activation during micturition.
  • Understanding brain functional connectivity (FC) is crucial for bladder function.
  • Altered FC may underlie voiding dysfunction in neurological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify altered brain networks in multiple sclerosis (MS) women with voiding dysfunction.
  • To compare brain FC during bladder function between MS patients and healthy controls.
  • To investigate neural mechanisms of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD).

Main Methods:

  • Concurrent urodynamic study (UDS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were used.
  • Ten healthy women and nine MS women with NLUTD participated.
  • FC was compared in 17 bladder-related regions during 'strong desire to void' and 'voiding initiation' phases.

Main Results:

  • Healthy women showed significantly stronger FC in regions for bladder filling and voiding suppression ('strong desire to void' phase).
  • Key regions included bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, right supplementary motor area, and right middle frontal gyrus.
  • During 'voiding initiation,' healthy subjects had stronger FC in the right inferior frontal gyrus compared to MS patients.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals distinct patterns of brain FC associated with voiding dysfunction in MS.
  • Findings offer insights into the neural basis of NLUTD.
  • Potential targets for interventions like cortical neuromodulation are suggested for restoring bladder function.