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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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The evolution of post-translational modifications.

David Bradley1

  • 1PROTEO-Regroupement québécois de recherche sur la fonction, l'ingénierie et les applications des protéines, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche en données massives de l'Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|July 17, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) rapidly generate protein diversity. Recent advances in mass spectrometry identify numerous PTM sites, but understanding their functional evolution and selective constraints remains a key challenge.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial for protein function and regulation.
  • PTMs offer a rapid evolutionary route for generating phenotypic diversity.
  • Over 600 PTM classes and millions of unique sites have been identified using mass spectrometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding PTM evolution.
  • To explore the selective constraints governing PTM evolution.
  • To address the open question of the fraction of functional PTM sites.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature (past two years) on PTM evolution.
  • Analysis of advances in mass spectrometry for PTM identification.
  • Discussion of functional characterization and evolutionary selective pressures on PTMs.

Main Results:

  • Mass spectrometry has identified a vast number of PTM sites.
  • Functional characterization and evolutionary analysis of PTMs are lagging behind identification.
  • The proportion of PTM sites under functional selection is largely unknown.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in identifying PTMs, but their evolutionary dynamics require further investigation.
  • Understanding the selective constraints on PTM evolution is critical for deciphering their functional significance.
  • Future research should focus on integrating functional data with evolutionary analysis to determine the impact of PTMs.