Linear Frequency Modulation of NbO₂-Based Nanoscale Oscillator With Li-Based Electrochemical Random Access Memory for...

Oscillatory neural network (ONN)-based classification of clustered data relies on frequency synchronization to injected signals representing input data, showing a more efficient structure than a conventional deep neural network. A frequency tunable oscillator is a core component of the network, requiring energy-efficient, and area-scalable characteristics for large-scale hardware implementation. From a hardware viewpoint, insulator-metal transition (IMT) device-based oscillators are attractive owing to their simple structure and low power consumption. Furthermore, by introducing non-volatile analog memory, non-volatile frequency programmability can be obtained. However, the required device characteristics of the oscillator for high performance of coupled oscillator have not been identified. In this article, we investigated the effect of device parameters of IMT oscillator with non-volatile analog memory on coupled oscillators network for classification of clustered data. We confirmed that linear conductance response with identical pulses is crucial to accurate training. In addition, considering dispersed clustered inputs, a wide synchronization window achieved by controlling the hold voltage of the IMT shows resilient classification. As an oscillator that satisfies the requirements, we evaluated the NbO₂-based IMT oscillator with non-volatile Li-based electrochemical random access memory (Li-ECRAM). Finally, we demonstrated a coupled oscillator network for classifying spoken vowels, achieving an accuracy of 85%, higher than that of a ring oscillator-based system. Our results show that an NbO₂-based oscillator with Li-ECRAM has the potential for an area-scalable and energy-efficient network with high performance.