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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

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Overview
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Complement contributions to COVID-19.

Edward M Conway1,2,3, Edward L G Pryzdial1,4,5,3

  • 1Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Current Opinion in Hematology
|July 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The complement system, a key part of innate immunity, is dysregulated in COVID-19, driving organ damage through thromboinflammation and vascular endotheliopathy. Understanding these interactions reveals new therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • COVID-19 causes organ damage and vascular endotheliopathy, with long-term effects and emerging variants posing ongoing concerns.
  • The precise mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced organ damage and vascular dysfunction are not fully understood, impeding drug development.
  • The complement system, a crucial component of innate immunity, is known to be dysregulated in COVID-19 patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of the complement system in the thromboinflammatory response and vascular endotheliopathy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • To highlight key interactions between the complement system and other innate immune pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for mitigating COVID-19-related organ damage.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on complement activation by SARS-CoV-2.
  • Analysis of the interplay between complement and other thromboinflammatory pathways (platelets, neutrophils, NETs, coagulation, kallikrein-kinin systems).
  • Delineation of molecular and cellular mechanisms driving endotheliopathy and organ damage.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 directly activates the complement system.
  • Complement activation interfaces with platelet, neutrophil, and coagulation pathways, contributing to thromboinflammation.
  • The complement system plays a prominent role in promoting endotheliopathy and organ damage, directly and through interactions with other systems.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system is a central player in SARS-CoV-2-mediated thromboinflammation and vascular endotheliopathy.
  • Understanding complement's intricate interactions with other pathways offers promising strategies for therapeutic intervention.
  • Targeting the complement system presents a potential avenue for novel drug development against COVID-19 and its complications.