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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

783
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
783
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

414
Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
414
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
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Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

356
Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
356
Pain01:20

Pain

618
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
618
Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Intracranial Pharmacotherapy and Pain Assays in Rodents
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Cannabinoids for Pain Modulation in Orthopedic Surgery.

Garwin Chin, Brent A F Etiz, Ariana M Nelson

    Orthopedics
    |July 20, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cannabinoid use in orthopedics is growing, but evidence for pain relief and reduced opioid use is limited. More research is needed to guide orthopedic pain management with these compounds.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Pain Management
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Cannabinoid compounds are increasingly used as analgesic adjuvants in orthopedic patients.
    • Limited data exist to support or oppose this practice pattern.
    • Physicians and patients express optimism regarding potential pain reduction and decreased opioid consumption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review contemporary studies (2000-2020) on cannabinoid use in orthopedics.
    • To assess the current understanding and evidence base for cannabinoids in orthopedic pain management.

    Main Methods:

    • A comprehensive review of scientific literature published between 2000 and 2020.
    • Focus on studies investigating the efficacy and application of cannabinoids in the orthopedic population.

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    An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain PPOP
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    Main Results:

    • The application of cannabinoids in orthopedics is not well characterized.
    • Limited high-quality evidence supports the efficacy of cannabinoids for orthopedic pain.
    • Social stigma associated with cannabis use persists.

    Conclusions:

    • Well-designed clinical trials are essential to understand cannabinoid efficacy in orthopedic pain.
    • Further research is needed to guide orthopedic practice regarding cannabinoid use.
    • Cannabis accessibility is increasing, necessitating evidence-based guidelines.