Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

α-Substituted ketones or aldehydes can be synthesized from enamines by the Stork enamine reaction, named after its pioneer Gilbert Stork. Enamines are useful synthetic intermediates where the lone pair on nitrogen is in conjugation with the C=C bond. They resemble enolate ions, as the resonance forms of both species have a nucleophilic α carbon.

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

Synthesis and decomposition are two types of redox reactions. Synthesis means to make something, whereas decomposition means to break something. The reactions are accompanied by chemical and energy changes.

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Lagging Strand Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Beyond Mendel: a call to revisit the genotype-phenotype map through new experimental paradigms.

Genetics·2026

Same author

Genealogical Analysis of Replicate Flower Colour Hybrid Zones in Antirrhinum.

Molecular ecology·2025

Same author

Joint Estimation of Paternity, Sibships and Pollen Dispersal in a Snapdragon Hybrid Zone.

Molecular ecology·2025

Same author

How chromosomal inversions reorient the evolutionary process.

Journal of evolutionary biology·2023

Same author

The infinitesimal model with dominance.

Genetics·2023

Same author

Slower-X: reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution.

Evolution letters·2023

Same journal

Tau protein as a regulator of mitochondrial function and dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

A scalable, dividing cell model for the robust propagation and quantification of human sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

Epigenetic regulation of mesenchymal BMP signaling directs postnatal organ innervation.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

Single-shot wide-field biochemical imaging at 1 kHz frame rate.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

Morphogenesis and topological evolution of a frustrated nematic liquid crystal under confinement.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same journal

B cell-intrinsic CXCR3 drives efficient generation of ectopic pulmonary germinal center responses to influenza A virus infection.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

Published on: April 3, 2016

The "New Synthesis".

Nicholas H Barton¹

¹Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|July 20, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Classical genetics and Darwinian evolution are now synthesized, but key questions remain. Understanding polygenic variation and sexual reproduction is crucial for explaining eukaryotic diversity and complexity.

Keywords:

infinitesimal model polygenic adaptation quantitative genetics

More Related Videos

Perspectives on Neuroscience

Perspectives on Neuroscience

Published on: July 31, 2007

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

Published on: December 11, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

Synthesis of Zeolites Using the ADOR Assembly-Disassembly-Organization-Reassembly Route

Published on: April 3, 2016

Perspectives on Neuroscience

Perspectives on Neuroscience

Published on: July 31, 2007

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

Seeded Synthesis of CdSe/CdS Rod and Tetrapod Nanocrystals

Published on: December 11, 2013

Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Molecular biology

Background:

Classical genetics, emerging from Mendel's work, was initially perceived as conflicting with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Quantitative genetics, rooted in biometric research, focused on continuous variation, contrasting with Mendelian inheritance.

Observation:

The synthesis of Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution was established by Fisher, Haldane, and Wright, demonstrating that Mendelian inheritance facilitates natural selection.
Despite this synthesis, fundamental questions persist regarding the evolutionary advantages and roles of sexual reproduction and meiosis in eukaryotic diversity and complexity.

Findings:

Adaptive variation is known to be highly polygenic, a concept essential for efficient natural selection.
The significance of polygenic variation for efficient selection is increasingly recognized by molecular biologists, yet a comprehensive framework for understanding it is still lacking.

Implications:

Further research is needed to fully integrate classical and molecular genetics with evolutionary theory.
Understanding polygenic variation and the mechanisms of sexual reproduction is critical for advancing our knowledge of eukaryotic evolution, diversity, and complexity.