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Related Concept Videos

Inflammation01:38

Inflammation

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Overview
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

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The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 4, 2025

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Neuroinflammation and COVID-19.

Abigail Vanderheiden1, Robyn S Klein2

  • 1Center for Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|July 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Neurological symptoms in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may stem from immune responses, not direct SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. This review explores how peripheral immunity, blood-brain barrier issues, and myeloid cells contribute to neuroinflammation in COVID-19 patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with diverse neurological symptoms, from headaches to hemorrhages.
  • Despite widespread systemic infection, direct central nervous system (CNS) invasion by SARS-CoV-2 is not widely evident.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review potential immunological mechanisms underlying neurological complications in COVID-19.
  • To elucidate the role of innate immunity in COVID-19-associated neuroinflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on COVID-19, immunology, and neuroscience.
  • Analysis of proposed mechanisms involving peripheral immunity, blood-brain barrier integrity, and myeloid cell function.

Main Results:

  • Imbalanced peripheral immunity can significantly impact CNS function.
  • Evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to blood-brain barrier dysregulation.
  • Myeloid cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 neurological disease.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune responses, rather than direct viral neuroinvasion, are likely key drivers of neurological disease in COVID-19.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and target these neuroinflammatory pathways.