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Functionalism01:11

Functionalism

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William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce were instrumental in founding functional psychology, which draws heavily from Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory suggests that individual traits, including behaviors, are adapted to their environments through natural selection. At the heart of functionalism is the concept of adaptation, meaning that a trait enhances an individual's chances of survival and reproduction.
James envisioned psychology's...
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Microbial Morphologies01:29

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Bacterial and archaeal cells exhibit remarkable diversity in shape and structure, critical in their adaptability and functionality. Among bacteria, the most commonly observed shapes include cocci and bacilli. Cocci are spherical and may exist singly or in groupings such as pairs (diplococci), chains (streptococci), clusters (staphylococci), or tetrads. Bacilli, in contrast, are rod-shaped and can also occur as single cells, in pairs, or chains, depending on their environmental and genetic...
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Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Updated: Sep 4, 2025

Measuring the Functional Abilities of Children Aged 3-6 Years Old with Observational Methods and Computer Tools
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Trapped in the morphospace: The relationship between morphological integration and functional performance.

Gabriele Sansalone1,2, Colangelo Paolo3, Castiglia Riccardo4

  • 1Function, Evolution and Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|July 22, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study reveals that the exceptional digging performance of talpid mole humeri is linked to high evolutionary integration between bone parts. This integration may have stabilized their morphology due to consistent subterranean environments.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative anatomy
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Complex morphological structures evolve through functional integration driven by selective pressures.
  • Talpid moles exhibit highly specialized humeral morphology adapted for subterranean locomotion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between functional performance and evolutionary integration of humerus subunits in talpid moles.
  • To quantify the strength of this relationship and its implications for morphological evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Two-dimensional geometric morphometrics to analyze humeral shape.
  • Phylogenetic comparative methods to account for evolutionary history.
  • Functional landscape modeling to assess biomechanical performance.

Main Results:

  • High biomechanical performance in subterranean moles' humeri correlates with elevated levels of evolutionary integration.
  • Taxa with lower performance exhibit intermediate or low integration.
  • Theoretical high-performance morphologies are unoccupied, indicating a strong integration-performance link.

Conclusions:

  • Functional integration plays a crucial role in the evolution of specialized morphologies like the talpid mole humerus.
  • Stable subterranean environments may have constrained humeral evolution, preventing further adaptation.
  • The findings suggest a trade-off between performance optimization and evolutionary flexibility.