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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

7.1K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
7.1K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

574
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
574
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

209
When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
209
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

1.1K
An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
1.1K
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

2.8K
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
2.8K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

2.0K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
2.0K

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

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NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition.

K E Knowland1,2,3, C A Keller1,2,3, P A Wales1,2,3

  • 1Universities Space Research Association (USRA)/GESTAR Columbia MD USA.

Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
|July 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

NASA

Keywords:
GEOSatmospheric chemistryglobal modelingnear real‐time forecastingozonestratosphere

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Earth System Modeling
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS-CF) offers near-real-time atmospheric composition estimates and forecasts.
  • The GEOS Earth system model is integrated with GEOS-Chem's unified chemistry extension (UCX) for comprehensive surface-to-stratosphere composition modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Describe the GEOS-CF system and its updates for stratospheric chemistry.
  • Evaluate GEOS-CF's performance against observations for stratospheric composition.
  • Highlight GEOS-CF's utility as a tool for atmospheric research.

Main Methods:

  • Coupling the GEOS Earth system model with the GEOS-Chem UCX mechanism.
  • Implementing updates to the GEOS-Chem UCX for improved stratospheric chemistry representation.
  • Comparing GEOS-CF outputs with balloon, lidar, and satellite observations.

Main Results:

  • GEOS-CF stratospheric ozone aligns well with assimilated data and observations.
  • GEOS-CF forecasts demonstrated greater accuracy than GEOS FP during extreme events (e.g., 2020 polar vortexes).
  • Spatial patterns of GEOS-CF stratospheric composition generally match satellite observations, despite identified biases.

Conclusions:

  • GEOS-CF provides a valuable new resource for near-real-time atmospheric composition data.
  • The integrated GEOS-Chem UCX chemistry enhances the model's ability to simulate stratospheric processes.
  • Future work should address identified biases in nitrogen and chlorine species for improved accuracy.