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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area.
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Protein-Condensate Dynamics in Live Human Cells

Author Spotlight: Evaluation of Protein-Condensate Dynamics in Live Human Cells

Published on: January 5, 2024

Pseudogenes and Liquid Phase Separation in Epigenetic Expression.

Bernard Nsengimana¹, Faiz Ali Khan^1,2,3, Usman Ayub Awan⁴

¹Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.

Frontiers in Oncology

|July 25, 2022

Summary

Pseudogenes, once thought non-functional, are now linked to cancer. This study explores their role in liquid phase separation, a process crucial for epigenetic regulation and cancer development, revealing potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:

RNA modification cancer epigenetic liquid phase separation pseudogenes

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Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres

Chemical Dimerization-Induced Protein Condensates on Telomeres

Published on: April 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cancer Research
Epigenetics

Background:

Pseudogenes were historically considered non-functional genetic elements.
Emerging evidence indicates pseudogene expression in tumors, with altered levels correlating to cancer.
Pseudogenes are implicated in regulating liquid phase condensates, a process vital for epigenetic control.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between pseudogenes and liquid phase separation in cancer.
To explore the potential therapeutic implications of this association.

Main Methods:

Analysis of pseudogene expression in tumor tissues.
Investigating pseudogene involvement in liquid phase separation mechanisms.
Evaluating the impact of pseudogene dysregulation on epigenetic processes.

Main Results:

Pseudogene expression is elevated in tumors compared to normal tissues.
Pseudogenes influence the formation of liquid phase condensates.
Dysregulation of pseudogenes and liquid phase separation are linked to cancer development.

Conclusions:

Pseudogenes play a significant role in cancer development through their influence on liquid phase separation.
Targeting pseudogene-mediated liquid phase separation may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cancer.