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Amoebozoa represent a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists that utilize lobe-shaped pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. This characteristic differentiates them from the Rhizaria, which possess threadlike pseudopodia. The primary classifications within Amoebozoa include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Amoebozoa diverged from a lineage that ultimately gave rise to fungi and animals.Gymnamoebas and...
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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Spatial and environmental variables structure sponge symbiont communities.

Daniel F R Cleary1, Ana R M Polónia1, Thomas Swierts2,3

  • 1CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.

Molecular Ecology
|July 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial factors significantly influence prokaryotic community diversity in marine environments, especially in high microbial abundance sponges. Environmental factors play a minor role, highlighting spatial connectivity in microbial ecology.

Keywords:
HMA spongesLMA spongesdistanceprokaryotic communitiesseawatersediment

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Microbial Ecology
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • Beta diversity, the variation in species composition between communities, is crucial for understanding ecological patterns.
  • Factors driving beta diversity in host-microbe associations, particularly prokaryotes, are not fully understood.
  • The high microbial abundance (HMA) and low microbial abundance (LMA) dichotomy in sponge symbionts presents a unique model for studying microbial diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the drivers of prokaryotic beta diversity across different marine biotopes, including HMA and LMA sponges, sediment, and seawater.
  • To differentiate the roles of spatial, environmental, and host genetic factors in shaping microbial community structure.
  • To compare findings with established ecological methods like constrained ordination and zeta diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM) was employed to analyze the influence of spatial and environmental variables on beta diversity.
  • Variance partitioning was used to dissect the contributions of purely spatial, purely environmental, and spatially-structured environmental components.
  • Prokaryotic communities from five distinct biotopes (two HMA sponges, one LMA sponge, sediment, seawater) were sampled across a large geographic range.

Main Results:

  • Spatial variables were significant predictors of beta diversity across all biotopes, explaining substantial variation, particularly in HMA sponges (54–82%).
  • Environmental factors (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll α) had a limited impact, explaining only 0.15–2.83% of variation across all biotopes.
  • Host genetic differences were a significant predictor for prokaryotic dissimilarity within the Xestospongia species complex, alongside spatial and environmental factors.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial processes, including geographic distance and potentially host genetics, are dominant drivers of prokaryotic beta diversity in marine environments, especially for HMA sponge symbionts.
  • The HMA-LMA dichotomy influences the relative importance of spatial versus environmental drivers.
  • Findings underscore the importance of spatial connectivity and host specificity in structuring microbial communities within marine ecosystems.