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Glial Cells

Glial Cells

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Published on: April 13, 2017

Microglia in multiple sclerosis: Protectors turn destroyers.

¹Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

|July 26, 2022

Summary

Microglia, immune cells in the brain, shift from protective to damaging roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding these changes offers new therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration.

Area of Science:

Neuroimmunology
Neurodegeneration
Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology

Background:

Microglia play critical roles throughout all stages of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Early microglial alterations in MS are detectable via positron emission tomography before structural lesions appear on MRI.
Microglial clusters in normal-appearing tissue suggest they precede lesion development.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the dual role of microglia in multiple sclerosis, highlighting their transition from protective to detrimental functions.
To investigate the mechanisms driving microglial neurotoxicity in MS.
To identify factors influencing microglial function and potential therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on microglia in MS.

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Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: February 16, 2018

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Last Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Rapid and Refined CD11b Magnetic Isolation of Primary Microglia with Enhanced Purity and Versatility

Published on: April 13, 2017

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Analysis of Microglia and Monocyte-derived Macrophages from the Central Nervous System by Flow Cytometry

Published on: June 22, 2017

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: February 16, 2018

Analysis of histological and imaging data correlating microglial states with disease chronicity and lesion formation.

Discussion of molecular mechanisms and contributing factors (aging, osteopontin, iron metabolism).

Main Results:

Microglial pro-inflammatory and degeneration-associated features increase with MS chronicity.
Factors like aging, osteopontin, and altered iron metabolism contribute to microglia becoming injurious.
Emerging therapies, including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, show potential for modulating microglial activity.

Conclusions:

Microglia exhibit a "protector-gone-rogue" phenotype in MS, contributing to neurodegeneration.
Targeting the mechanisms of microglial dysfunction presents a novel therapeutic strategy for MS.
A paradigm shift towards understanding microglia as central drivers of neurodegeneration in MS is proposed.