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Related Concept Videos

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
76
Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

871
Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Dramatic Decrease of Vitamin K2 Subtype Menaquinone-7 in COVID-19 Patients.

Harald Mangge1, Florian Prueller1, Christine Dawczynski2

  • 1Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin K levels, particularly MK7, were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients, suggesting consumption due to inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings highlight vitamin K

Keywords:
COVID-19 pneumoniadifferent subtypes of vitamin Knon-COVID-19 pneumonia

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Vitamin K (VK) is crucial for blood clotting, bone health, and possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
  • Protein S, activated by Vitamin K, contributes to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions.
  • Severe COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine overproduction, oxidative stress, and thrombogenicity, prompting investigation into Vitamin K's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate serum levels of Vitamin K1, MK4, and MK7 in COVID-19 patients.
  • To compare Vitamin K levels between COVID-19 patients, non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, and healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between Vitamin K levels and COVID-19 outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Serum levels of Vitamin K1, MK4, MK7, and VK epoxide were measured using liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
  • Analysis included Vitamin K to triglyceride quotients to account for transporter function.
  • Data from 135 COVID-19 patients, 77 non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients, and 104 healthy controls were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly lower MK7 levels compared to controls and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients.
  • Both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 pneumonia patients had lower Vitamin K1 and higher MK4 levels than healthy controls.
  • No significant differences in Vitamin K subtypes were observed between COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 patients show significantly altered Vitamin K profiles: decreased K1 and MK7, and increased MK4.
  • The lowest MK7 levels in COVID-19 patients, regardless of severity, suggest its consumption by inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
  • Vitamin K status may be an important factor in the pathophysiology of COVID-19.