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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
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Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ &alpha; and &beta; Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Nonlinear Redox-Immune Coupling Under Low-Dose-Rate Radiation: A Compartment-Specific Framework for Biological

Dawon Kang1,2,3

  • 1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
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Low-dose-rate radiation (LDRR) triggers complex redox and immune responses, not explained by linear models. Understanding these nonlinear, compartment-specific effects is key for radiation biology and risk assessment.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Biology
  • Toxicology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Ionizing radiation effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation are known for high doses.
  • Low-dose-rate radiation (LDRR) responses are inconsistent and lack explanation by linear models.
  • Existing models do not adequately address LDRR's impact on biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent experimental studies on redox and immune responses to LDRR.
  • To develop a unifying framework for understanding LDRR's biological effects.
  • To identify gaps and future research priorities in LDRR response.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of experimental studies on LDRR (0.39-3.49 mGy/h).
  • Literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2015-2026).
  • Focus on redox, immune, and metabolic responses across various biological systems.

Main Results:

  • LDRR induces nonlinear, dose-dependent effects varying by biological compartment.
  • Coordinated changes in oxidative stress, immune signaling, and metabolic regulation observed.
  • Proposed framework: nonlinear redox-immune coupling with threshold-dependent oxidative stress and biphasic immune response.

Conclusions:

  • LDRR effects are nonlinear, compartment-specific, and influenced by the microenvironment.
  • Shift from dose-centric to systems-level interpretation of radiation biology is needed.
  • Findings inform biomarker development, risk assessment, and therapeutic strategies for chronic low-dose exposure.