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Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives.

Tzu-Lun Huang1,2, Jia-Kang Wang1,2,3,4,5, Pei-Yao Chang1,2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banqiao Dist., New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune CNS disease targeting aquaporin-4. Recent advances clarify NMOSD phenotypes, biomarkers, and pathogenesis, guiding new relapse treatments.

Keywords:
Müller cellaquaporin-4astrocytecomplementmicrocystic macular degenerationmicrogliamyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinneuromyelitis optica spectrum diseaseocular coherence tomographyoligodendrocyte

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Central Nervous System Inflammatory Disorders

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
  • It is characterized by autoantibodies targeting the aquaporin-4 water channel protein on astrocytes.
  • Recent research has significantly advanced the understanding of NMOSD's diverse phenotypes, biomarkers, and inflammatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of recent studies on Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).
  • To cover key aspects including pathophysiology, biomarkers, diagnostic tools, and animal models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and clinical trial data on NMOSD.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on disease mechanisms, biomarkers (cytokines), and diagnostic technologies (OCT).
  • Comparison of various animal models used in NMOSD research.

Main Results:

  • Identification of distinct NMOSD phenotypes and complex inflammatory cascades.
  • Evaluation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines as potential biomarkers.
  • Assessment of ocular coherence tomography (OCT) for clinical utility.
  • Comparison of the relevance and limitations of different NMOSD animal models.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding NMOSD pathogenesis and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
  • Biomarkers and advanced imaging like OCT are crucial for diagnosis and monitoring.
  • Ongoing research and clinical trials are paving the way for novel treatments for NMOSD relapses.