Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
08:07

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

12.8K

The Diagnosis and Management of Cardiometabolic Risk and Cardiometabolic Syndrome after Spinal Cord Injury

Gary J Farkas1,2, Adam M Burton3, David W McMillan2,4

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Miami Miller, Miami, FL 33136, USA.

Journal of Personalized Medicine
|July 27, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) increase risks for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS), including obesity and hypertension, raising cardiovascular disease threats. This review covers SCI-related cardiometabolic risks, diagnosis, and management strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Cardiology
  • Metabolic Medicine

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients frequently develop risk factors for cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS).
  • Obesity, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, and hypertension are common in SCI, increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
  • CVD is a leading cause of mortality following SCI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on cardiometabolic risk, CMS, and CVD in SCI.
  • To examine the etiopathogenesis of these conditions post-SCI.
  • To provide updated diagnostic and management guidelines.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes recent research (last 5 years) on cardiometabolic sequelae in SCI.
  • It examines the underlying mechanisms (etiopathogenesis) of these conditions.
  • It compiles current diagnostic criteria and surveillance guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with SCI exhibit multiple cardiometabolic risk factors, contributing to CMS.
  • These factors significantly elevate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
  • Recent research highlights the complex interplay between SCI and metabolic dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiometabolic risk and CMS are significant concerns after SCI, driving CVD mortality.
  • Early diagnosis, surveillance, and targeted lifestyle interventions are crucial.
  • A novel obesity classification and updated management strategies are proposed.

Keywords:
cardiometabolic syndromecardiovascular diseasedietexercisespinal cord injury

More Related Videos

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats06:40

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Published on: January 16, 2019

8.1K
Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury09:37

Evaluation of Respiratory Muscle Activation Using Respiratory Motor Control Assessment RMCA in Individuals with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: July 19, 2013

10.5K

Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care01:28

Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care

IntroductionThe management of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) aims to minimize myocardial damage, preserve myocardial function, and prevent complications.Initial ManagementInpatient management involves continuous cardiac monitoring, preferably in an ICU, focusing on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium, and creatinine levels, and urine output. Ongoing pharmacologic management is crucial for stabilizing the patient.Supplemental Oxygen: Administer supplemental oxygen if oxygen saturation is...
24
Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management01:29

Cardiomyopathy VI: Nursing Management

Assessment: Nursing management of patients with cardiomyopathy begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's history, including a family history of cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death, personal history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and any alcohol consumption or drug use.During the physical examination, assess vital signs, look for signs of heart failure (such as edema, jugular venous distention, and cyanosis), auscultate for abnormal heart sounds (like murmurs and gallops),...
28
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
30
Acute Coronary Syndrome V: Nursing Management01:26

Acute Coronary Syndrome V: Nursing Management

Nursing Assessment:Nursing management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involves taking the patient's history, focusing on primary complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis), as well as other symptoms like back or jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. The nurse also reviews the patient's history of cardiac events, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history, and current medications.In the objective assessment,...
32
Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
28
Atherosclerosis IV: Nursing Management01:23

Atherosclerosis IV: Nursing Management

Nursing management for a patient with arteriosclerosis involves a comprehensive approach focusing on lifestyle modification, disease monitoring, education, and symptomatic care. Here is an overview of effective nursing strategies:Assessment and Monitoring: Initial and ongoing assessments are crucial. Nurses must document the patient's medical history, including any hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular diseases. Assessments also cover family history and lifestyle...
49