Low-Pb High-Piezoelectric Ceramic System (1-x)Ba(Zr_0.18Ti_0.82)O₃-x(Ba_0.78Pb_0.22)TiO₃

Piezoelectric materials, especially Pb-based piezoelectric materials, are widely used in the key components of sensors, actuators, and transducers. Due to the rising concern of the toxicity of Pb, global legislation has been adopted to restrict the use of Pb. Given that the available Pb-free piezoelectric materials cannot replace the Pb-based ones for various reasons, we designed and fabricated a low-Pb piezoelectric solid-solution ceramic system, (1-x)Ba(Zr_0.18Ti_0.82)O₃-x(Ba_0.78Pb_0.22)TiO₃ (denoted as BZ_0.18T-xBP_0.22T herein). The crystal structure, ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of the BZ_0.18T-xBP_0.22T system were systematically studied. With the increase in BP_0.22T content, the structure of the samples changed from a rhombohedral phase to a tetragonal phase; the intermediate composition x = 0.5 was located at the morphotropic phase boundary of the system and corresponded to the state with the coexistence of the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. Moreover, x = 0.5 exhibited the optimum comprehensive properties among all the samples, with a piezoelectric coefficient d₃₃ of 240 pC/N, a maximum dielectric temperature Tm of 121.1°C, and a maximum polarization Pm of 15 μC/cm². Our work verifies the validity of the route to design low-Pb high-piezoelectric materials and may stimulate the interests for exploring new low-Pb high-performance ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials.