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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Protocol for the Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mixed Cultures of Neurons and Glia for Neurotoxicity Testing
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Normal and Pathological NRF2 Signalling in the Central Nervous System.

Tony Heurtaux1,2, David S Bouvier2,3,4, Alexandre Benani5

  • 1Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 27, 2022
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The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is crucial for brain health, regulating antioxidant responses and homeostasis. This review explores NRF2

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor regulating hundreds of genes.
  • NRF2 controls cellular functions including antioxidant response, detoxification, metabolism, and inflammation.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in aging, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the NRF2 pathway in the healthy brain.
  • To examine NRF2's contribution to metabolic diseases, cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the NRF2 pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent data on NRF2 pathway.
  • Analysis of NRF2's involvement in various physiological and pathological conditions.
  • Discussion of therapeutic interventions and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • NRF2 signaling is complex and central to a vast regulatory network.
  • The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress due to high oxygen consumption and iron content.
  • Stable NRF2 activity is essential for maintaining redox balance and brain homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • The NRF2 pathway plays a critical role in brain health and disease.
  • Understanding cell-type-specific NRF2 functions is vital for developing targeted therapies.
  • NRF2 modulation offers promising therapeutic potential for various age-related and metabolic disorders.