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Related Concept Videos

Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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RNA-seq03:21

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while...
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Cost-Effective Genomic Workflow for Advancing Rabies Control in Resource-Limited Settings
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SARS-CoV-2 genomic epidemiology: data and sequencing infrastructure.

Georgi Merhi1, Jad Koweyes1, Tamara Salloum1

  • 1Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts &amp; Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.

Future Microbiology
|July 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is hindered in low-income countries due to high sequencing costs and limited resources. Investing in whole-genome sequencing platforms is crucial for effective outbreak tracking and control.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2low- and middle-income countriesmolecular epidemiologynext-generation sequencing platformssequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for tracking viral evolution.
  • A significant disparity exists in genomic data sharing between high-income and low- and middle-income countries.
  • Limited genomic surveillance capabilities in low-resource settings pose a threat to global public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate and compare the costs of SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing in Lebanon with those in developed countries.
  • To assess the factors contributing to limited genomic sequencing capabilities in low- and middle-income countries.
  • To highlight the need for enhanced genomic surveillance infrastructure in resource-limited settings.

Main Methods:

  • Cost analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing using Oxford Nanopore MinION and associated computational hardware in Lebanon.
  • Comparison of sequencing costs with those in developed nations.
  • Determination of SARS-CoV-2 genome data shared on GISAID per 1000 COVID-19 cases by country.

Main Results:

  • Sequencing costs in Lebanon were found to be substantially higher than in developed countries.
  • Low- and middle-income countries face challenges including inadequate support, high prices, extended delivery times, and a shortage of trained personnel.
  • A notable gap in genomic sequencing capacity was observed in these countries.

Conclusions:

  • Mobilizing funds is recommended to establish whole-genome sequencing-based surveillance platforms.
  • Implementing genomic epidemiology is vital for improved outbreak identification and tracking.
  • Such advancements will facilitate timely and informed public health interventions.