Movement disorders of the mouth: a review of the common phenomenologies

Movement disorders of the mouth encompass a spectrum of hyperactive movements involving the muscles of the orofacial complex. They are rare conditions and are described in the literature primarily in case reports originating from neurologists, psychiatrists, and the dental community. The focus of this review is to provide a phenomenological description of different oral motor disorders including oromandibular dystonia, orofacial dyskinesia and orolingual tremor, and to offer management strategies for optimal treatment based on the current literature. A literature search of full text studies using PubMed/Medline and Cochrane library combined with a manual search of the reference lists was conducted until June 2021. Results from this search included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, reviews, clinical studies, case series, and case reports published by neurologists, psychiatrists, dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Data garnered from these sources were used to provide an overview of most commonly encountered movement disorders of the mouth, aiding physicians in recognizing these rare conditions and in initiating appropriate therapy.