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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role...
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The vulva encompasses the external structures of the female reproductive system. At the forefront is the monpubis, a cushion of fatty tissue atop the pubic bone. Once puberty sets in, this area typically grows hair. Extending from just behind the mons pubis are the labia majora (labia = 'lips'; majora = 'larger'), which are larger skin fs olds coated with hair. Nestled within are the labia minora (labia = 'lips'; minora = 'smaller'), which are thinner, more...
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Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos
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Developments in facial feminization surgery.

Regina Rodman1

  • 1Face Forward Houston, a private practice, Houston, Texas, USA.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|July 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is safe and effective for transgender patients, with low complication rates. Current literature reviews surgical techniques to establish a future standard of care.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Gender Affirming Care

Background:

  • Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is increasingly performed by facial plastic surgeons.
  • Institutions are developing programs for transgender patients as insurance coverage expands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent literature on facial feminization surgery.
  • To provide a framework for analyzing FFS research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on FFS techniques and outcomes.
  • Analysis of safety, complication rates, and emerging technologies.

Main Results:

  • FFS demonstrates safety with low complication rates, despite lengthy procedures.
  • Recent literature primarily consists of technique reviews, aiding surgical education.
  • Virtual surgical planning is an emerging tool with undetermined value.

Conclusions:

  • Facial feminization surgery is performed with increasing frequency.
  • Literature reviews aim to establish a standard of care for FFS.
  • Ongoing research contributes to the advancement of gender-affirming surgical practices.