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Related Concept Videos

Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
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Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Multi-exon Skipping Using Cocktail Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Canine X-linked Muscular Dystrophy
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Toxidromes for Working Dogs.

Maureen A McMichael1, Melissa Singletary2,3, Benson T Akingbemi2

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.

Frontiers in Veterinary Science
|August 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Working dogs face increasing exposure to chemical and biological agents. This primer reviews canine-specific toxidromes and antidotes for rapid emergency response, crucial for first responders and veterinarians.

Keywords:
K9Narcan®caninemilitary working dognaloxoneopioidorganophosphatesearch and rescue

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Toxicology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Chemical Warfare Agents

Background:

  • Working dogs are increasingly exposed to chemical and biological warfare agents due to global incidents and hazardous environments.
  • First responders and veterinarians lack adequate training in recognizing and treating working dogs exposed to these agents.
  • Existing medical triage methods for humans, such as toxidromes, are not well-established for canines in mass casualty events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a primer on chemical warfare agents relevant to working canine health.
  • To review canine-specific clinical signs of common chemical weapons and associated toxidromes.
  • To outline appropriate antidotes and supportive care for canines exposed to hazardous substances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chemical warfare agents and their toxicological effects.
  • Identification of common toxidromes associated with chemical agents.
  • Emphasis on clinical signs and toxicological presentations specific to canines.

Main Results:

  • Presents a framework for identifying chemical agent exposure in canines using toxidromes.
  • Highlights key clinical signs differentiating canine toxicological responses from human responses.
  • Details specific antidotes and emergency treatment protocols for working dogs.

Conclusions:

  • The development of canine-specific toxidromes is essential for rapid diagnosis and treatment of working dogs.
  • This review serves as a critical resource for veterinarians and first responders managing canine casualties of chemical or biological events.
  • Establishing clear protocols can improve outcomes and ensure the safety of canine partners in high-risk operations.