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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

92
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
92
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

186
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
186
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

406
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
406
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

342
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
342
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

160
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
160
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

718
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
718

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Premedication and general anesthetic agents decrease plasma concentration of the endocannabinoid anandamide in dogs.

Andrew Chua1, Maureen A McMichael1, Tom Jukier1

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.

American Journal of Veterinary Research
|February 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General anesthesia (GA) significantly reduced plasma anandamide (AEA) levels in dogs, regardless of anesthetic type (isoflurane or sevoflurane). This finding highlights potential impacts on endocannabinoid signaling during veterinary procedures.

Keywords:
canineendocannabinoid systemgeneral anesthesiaisofluranesevoflurane

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Anesthesiology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Cannabinoid Research

Background:

  • The endocannabinoid system plays a role in pain modulation and neuroprotection.
  • Anandamide (AEA) is a key endocannabinoid with potential implications during anesthesia.
  • Understanding AEA changes during general anesthesia (GA) in dogs is crucial for optimizing patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of isoflurane (ISO) versus sevoflurane (SEVO) general anesthesia on plasma AEA concentrations in dogs.
  • To determine if GA duration, fluid administration, or concurrent medications affect AEA levels.
  • To explore the relationship between premedication, GA, and endocannabinoid signaling in canine patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of plasma samples from 21 dogs undergoing GA, randomized to ISO or SEVO.
  • Measurement of plasma AEA concentrations using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS).
  • Statistical analysis including linear mixed models to assess effects of anesthetic type, duration, fluid volume, and other treatments.

Main Results:

  • Plasma AEA concentrations significantly decreased post-GA in both ISO and SEVO groups.
  • Mean AEA levels dropped from approximately 29 ng/mL to 12.3 ng/mL (ISO) and 26.6 ng/mL to 11.1 ng/mL (SEVO).
  • No significant differences in AEA reduction were found between anesthetic groups or correlated with anesthesia duration, fluid volume, surgery type, or NSAID/steroid use.

Conclusions:

  • General anesthesia significantly reduces plasma AEA concentrations in dogs, irrespective of the inhalant anesthetic used (ISO or SEVO).
  • The observed reduction in AEA may be influenced by other concurrently administered anesthetic agents.
  • This study is the first to suggest an interaction between anesthesia protocols and endocannabinoid signaling in dogs.