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Oral tolerance as antigen-specific immunotherapy.

Natália Pinheiro-Rosa1, Lícia Torres1, Mariana de Almeida Oliveira1

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Oral tolerance, a century-old immune response, uses oral immunotherapy (OIT) to suppress inflammation. This review explores its mechanisms and therapeutic potential for autoimmune and allergic diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Oral tolerance is a natural immune suppression mechanism triggered by oral antigen exposure.
  • It involves mucosally induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) and has local/systemic effects.
  • Harnessing oral tolerance for therapeutic purposes has been explored since the 1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the induction mechanisms of oral tolerance.
  • To discuss factors influencing oral tolerance.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic applications of oral tolerance in inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on oral tolerance.
  • Analysis of studies investigating antigen-specific immune suppression via oral administration.
  • Examination of research on regulatory T cell induction and function.

Main Results:

  • Oral tolerance is an antigen-specific immunotherapy (OIT).
  • Successful prevention and control of chronic inflammatory diseases in models and humans.
  • Novel findings on induction sites and influencing factors are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Oral tolerance is a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune and allergic diseases.
  • Understanding its induction mechanisms is key to optimizing OIT.
  • Further research can enhance its clinical application for chronic inflammation.