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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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PIONEER, a high-resolution single-crystal polarized neutron diffractometer.

Yaohua Liu1, Huibo Cao2, Stephan Rosenkranz3

  • 1Second Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|August 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

PIONEER, a new neutron diffractometer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, enables precise analysis of tiny crystals and thin films. Its advanced design offers high resolution for studying weak structural and magnetic transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Neutron Scattering

Background:

  • Neutron diffraction is a powerful technique for materials characterization.
  • Existing instruments face limitations in analyzing small samples and weak transitions.
  • Advancements in neutron source brightness and optics are crucial for next-generation instruments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce PIONEER, a novel single-crystal, polarized neutron diffractometer.
  • To highlight PIONEER's capability to study minute samples (0.001 mm³), ultra-thin films (10 nm), and subtle structural/magnetic phenomena.
  • To demonstrate the instrument's design and simulated performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes high Q-resolution, single-crystal, polarized neutron diffraction.
  • Employs advanced Montel mirrors for focused, high-brilliance neutron beams.
  • Incorporates a large detector array (4.0 sr) and radial collimator for background suppression.
  • Leverages Monte Carlo simulations to predict instrument performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieves high theoretical peak brilliance (2.9 × 10¹² n cm⁻² sr⁻¹ Å⁻¹ s⁻¹).
  • Offers excellent wavelength resolution (<0.2%) across a broad range (1.0–6.0 Å).
  • Capable of characterizing periodic structures up to 200 Å.
  • Demonstrates potential for analyzing tiny samples through virtual experiments.

Conclusions:

  • PIONEER offers unprecedented capabilities for materials research at the nanoscale.
  • The instrument is optimized for high brilliance and low background, enabling sensitive measurements.
  • PIONEER will significantly advance the study of materials with weak structural and magnetic properties.