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Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

8.1K
Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome...
8.1K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.4K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.4K
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

133
Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
133
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

34.4K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
34.4K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.6K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.6K
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

24.6K
RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
24.6K

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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
09:16

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

Published on: June 15, 2010

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Eukaryotic Ribosome Biogenesis: The 60S Subunit.

A A Moraleva1, A S Deryabin1, Yu P Rubtsov1

  • 1Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia.

Acta Naturae
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review details the complex process of large 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis in human cells. It highlights the numerous factors and intricate pathways involved in eukaryotic ribosome assembly.

Keywords:
biogenesisnucleolusribosomeribosomopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosome biogenesis is a fundamental cellular process involving the coordinated maturation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins into functional ribosomal subunits.
  • While conserved across eukaryotes, human ribosome biogenesis is complex due to larger ribosome size and intricate regulatory networks.
  • Previous research has covered rRNA processing and the 40S subunit maturation; this review focuses on the 60S subunit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the biogenesis of the large 60S ribosomal subunit in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on human cells.
  • To elucidate the roles of the numerous factors and regulatory pathways governing the assembly and function of the 60S subunit.
  • To consolidate recent findings on the maturation of the 60S subunit, building upon prior reviews of rRNA processing and 40S subunit biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and research data on ribosome biogenesis.
  • Analysis of genome-wide screening studies, including RNA interference (RNAi) screens, for identifying biogenesis factors.
  • Comparative analysis of 60S subunit maturation in human cells versus other eukaryotes.

Main Results:

  • Identified hundreds of ribosomal biogenesis factors essential for rRNA processing, tertiary structure formation, and protein interactions.
  • Detailed the complex, multi-step maturation pathway of the large 60S ribosomal subunit within the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm.
  • Highlighted the increased complexity in human 60S subunit biogenesis compared to simpler eukaryotes due to regulatory intricacies.

Conclusions:

  • Human 60S ribosomal subunit biogenesis is a highly regulated and complex process involving numerous factors and intricate pathways.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular function and potential disease mechanisms.
  • Further research into specific biogenesis factors and regulatory networks will refine our knowledge of ribosome assembly.