Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

2.1K
Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
2.1K
Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose01:01

Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose

2.0K
Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a specific amount of medication is given at regular intervals, often multiple times a day, to ensure a consistent drug concentration in the bloodstream.
Fixed-dose regimens can be used for various routes of administration, including intravenous (IV) injections and oral medications. For IV administration, a predetermined amount of the drug is...
2.0K
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

286
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
286
Difference from Background: Limit of Detection01:05

Difference from Background: Limit of Detection

6.9K
The limit of detection (LOD) is the smallest amount of analyte that can be distinguished from the background noise. The LOD value corresponds to the concentration at which the analyte signal is three times larger than the standard deviation of the blank signal. Below this value, the analyte signal cannot be differentiated from the background noise. It is calculated by dividing the calibration slope by 3 times the standard deviation of the blank signals.
The LOD indicates the presence or absence...
6.9K
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

640
Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
640
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

4.6K
Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
4.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Breast milk IgG engages the mouse neonatal immune system to instruct responses to gut antigens.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

Distal Immunization and Systemic Cytokines Establish a Transient Immune Alert State in the Intestine.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2024
Same author

Identification of Intestinal Lamina Propria Plasma Cells by Surface Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Expression.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2024
Same author

Single-cell Profiling Uncovers a <i>Muc4</i>-Expressing Metaplastic Gastric Cell Type Sustained by <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-driven Inflammation.

Cancer research communications·2023
Same author

Cytokine therapy in necrotizing enterocolitis: A promising treatment for preterm infants.

Cell reports. Medicine·2021
Same author

Distinct lung microbiota associate with HIV-associated chronic lung disease in children.

Scientific reports·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies
11:15

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Published on: February 19, 2011

23.5K

Twice the tolerance.

Meera K Shenoy1, Meghan A Koch1,2

  • 1Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A specific antigen from gut bacteria triggers unique regulatory T cells to reduce inflammation in mice. This finding highlights the gut microbiome's role in immune system regulation.

More Related Videos

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations
11:15

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations

Published on: July 24, 2021

4.8K
Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 2, 2025

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies
11:15

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Published on: February 19, 2011

23.5K
Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations
11:15

Quadruple-Checkerboard: A Modification of the Three-Dimensional Checkerboard for Studying Drug Combinations

Published on: July 24, 2021

4.8K
Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice
07:31

Murine Drinking Models in the Development of Pharmacotherapies for Alcoholism: Drinking in the Dark and Two-bottle Choice

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiome research
  • Inflammation studies

Background:

  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host immunity.
  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity.
  • Understanding how microbial components influence Treg function is essential for developing novel immunotherapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how a specific antigen derived from the gut microbiota influences the development and function of regulatory T cells.
  • To determine the mechanisms by which these microbiota-induced regulatory T cells suppress inflammation in a mouse model.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were colonized with specific gut bacteria or treated with bacterial antigens.
  • Flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing were used to characterize T cell subsets.
  • In vivo assays were performed to assess the anti-inflammatory capacity of identified T cell populations.

Main Results:

  • A gut microbiota-derived antigen was identified that induces distinct subsets of regulatory T cells.
  • These antigen-specific regulatory T cells exhibited potent suppressive functions.
  • Administration of these regulatory T cells effectively ameliorated inflammation in a mouse model.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota-derived antigens can shape the immune system by generating specialized regulatory T cell populations.
  • Targeting these microbial antigens offers a promising strategy for controlling inflammatory diseases.
  • This study provides new insights into the intricate crosstalk between the gut microbiome and host immune responses.