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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
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16.3K
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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
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Like benzene, cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene are cyclic compounds with alternate single and double bonds. However, their chemical behavior differs from benzene, as they are unstable and not aromatic. So, what are the structural characteristics of unsaturated compounds categorized as aromatic?  
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Single-atom logic for heterocycle editing.

Justin Jurczyk1, Jisoo Woo2,3, Sojung F Kim1,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.

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|August 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review introduces single-atom skeletal editing, a novel molecular editing technique for efficiently modifying complex molecules. This method enables precise, late-stage chemical transformations crucial for drug discovery and medicinal chemistry.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • New synthetic methods are vital for advancing medicinal chemistry.
  • Drug discovery demands concise and chemoselective chemical transformations.
  • Molecular editing allows for atom-by-atom modification of molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and categorize single-atom skeletal editing reactions.
  • To focus on heterocycles for their importance in medicinal chemistry.
  • To present a classification system for these transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent examples of single-atom skeletal editing.
  • Focus on transformations applicable to cyclic and acyclic compounds, particularly heterocycles.
  • Categorization based on the type of skeletal editing achieved.

Main Results:

  • Proposal of a definition and classification for single-atom skeletal editing.
  • Highlighting of methods that enable mild and selective late-stage synthetic modifications.
  • Demonstration of the applicability to heterocyclic systems.

Conclusions:

  • Single-atom skeletal editing represents a promising subclass of molecular editing.
  • This approach offers precise control for modifying complex molecular structures.
  • Further development in this field is encouraged for medicinal chemistry applications.