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Updated: Sep 2, 2025

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

11.6K

Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis

Melanie Ward, Myla D Goldman

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |August 8, 2022
    PubMed
    Abstract

    Insights

    Multiple sclerosis (MS) risk and progression are influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Emerging research highlights the roles of B cells and microglia in MS pathophysiology, alongside traditional T-cell involvement.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimmunology
    • Genetics
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence and care costs have risen, with potential for increased severity in Black, Asian, and Hispanic populations.
    • Identified MS risk factors include genetics, low vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus, smoking, and childhood obesity.
    • MS pathophysiology involves T-cells, B-cells, and microglia, impacting both relapsing and progressive forms.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS).
    • To review the pathophysiologic characteristics of relapsing and progressive MS.
    • To highlight recent advances in understanding MS disease course and pathology.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors in MS.
    • Analysis of pathophysiologic mechanisms in relapsing and progressive MS.
    • Examination of emerging research on immune cell roles (B cells, microglia) and neurodegeneration in MS.

    Main Results:

    • Complex interactions of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors influence MS risk and disease course.
    • People of color may face unique considerations in MS, with historical underrepresentation in research.
    • MS pathology involves inflammatory lesions and a progressive neurodegenerative component.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the interplay of various factors is crucial for managing MS.
    • Further research is needed to clarify MS in diverse populations and develop targeted therapies.
    • Advances in characterizing MS inflammation and neurodegeneration offer potential therapeutic targets.

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