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Related Concept Videos

Rolling With Slipping01:14

Rolling With Slipping

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Rolling with slipping is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a rolling object experiences both rotational and linear motion but also experiences frictional forces that cause slipping. This phenomenon can occur in various situations, such as when a tire rolls on a wet road or a ball rolls on a rough surface.
An object's rolling motion is characterized by its rotation around its axis, while linear motion refers to the object's translational motion along a surface. Frictional forces can...
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Rolling Without Slipping01:09

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People have observed the rolling motion without slipping ever since the invention of the wheel. For example, one can look at the interaction between a car's tires and the surface of the road. If the driver presses the accelerator to the floor so that the tires spin without the car moving forward, there must be kinetic friction between the wheels and the road's surface. If the driver slowly presses the accelerator, causing the car to move forward, the tires roll without slipping. It is...
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Equation of Motion: General Plane motion - Problem Solving01:16

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Consider a lawn roller with a mass of 100 kg, a radius of 0.2 meters, and a radius of gyration of 0.15 meters. A force of 200 N is applied to this roller, angled at 60 degrees from the horizontal plane. What will be the angular acceleration of the lawn roller?
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Rolling Resistance01:21

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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Rolling Resistance: Problem Solving01:17

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Rolling resistance, also known as rolling friction, is the force that resists the motion of a rolling object, such as a wheel, tire, or ball, when it moves over a surface. It is caused by the deformation of the object and the surface in contact with each other, as well as other factors like internal friction, hysteresis, and energy losses within the materials. Rolling resistance opposes the object's motion, requiring additional energy to overcome it and maintain movement. In practical...
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
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Experimentally Measuring Rolling and Sliding in Three-Dimensional Dense Granular Packings.

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  • 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

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This study reveals that 3D rotations in granular systems are irreversible under cyclic compression, leading to energy dissipation. Understanding these rotations is key to granular material energy absorption.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Granular materials exhibit complex behaviors under stress.
  • Understanding energy dissipation in granular systems is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the reversibility of three-dimensional (3D) granular systems under cyclic compression.
  • To elucidate the role of 3D rotational motions in granular flow dynamics and energy dissipation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurement of a 3D granular system's response to cyclic compression.
  • High-resolution imaging using refractive-index-matched fluid.
  • Analysis of grain images with artificial intelligence (AI) via variational autoencoders (VAEs) to track 3D translations and rotations.

Main Results:

  • Accurate tracking of all grains' 3D translations and rotations.
  • Identification of unique roles for 3D rotational motions in granular flows, dominating bulk dynamics.
  • Determination that 3D rotations are irreversible under cyclic compression, leading to accumulated sliding and dissipation.
  • Numerical simulations confirm bulk dissipation, particularly where grains exhibit greater rotation than translation.

Conclusions:

  • 3D rotational motions are critical and irreversible components of granular system dynamics under cyclic compression.
  • Granular material's energy absorption and dissipation capabilities are intrinsically linked to the analysis of 3D rotations.
  • Further research into 3D rotations is essential for a comprehensive understanding of granular material mechanics.