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ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
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Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

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The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
4.0K
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation01:12

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Photochemical Activation

2.2K
Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
2.2K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
18.7K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

13.5K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
13.5K

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Recent progress in organophotoredox reaction.

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Summary

Visible light photocatalysis utilizes organic photocatalysts for gentle organic molecule activation in synthesis. This review covers recent reactions, mechanisms, and the potential for reusable organic photocatalysts.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Photocatalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Visible light photocatalysis offers a mild and effective method for activating organic molecules.
  • Organic photocatalysts are cost-effective and possess favorable redox potentials for chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review organic reactions catalyzed by visible light using organic photocatalysts over the last five years.
  • To discuss the mechanisms, including single electron transfer, energy transfer, and proton-coupled electron transfer.
  • To highlight the recovery and reusability of supported organic photocatalysts and future prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of organic reactions facilitated by visible light and organic photocatalysts.
  • Analysis of reaction mechanisms: single electron transfer, energy transfer, and proton-coupled electron transfer.
  • Examination of supported organic photocatalyst recovery and reusability.

Main Results:

  • Compilation of recent advancements in visible light-promoted organic reactions.
  • Detailed discussion of various catalytic mechanisms.
  • Demonstration of the practical application and recyclability of certain organic photocatalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Organic photocatalysts are versatile tools in modern organic synthesis.
  • Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial for catalyst design and optimization.
  • The development of recoverable and reusable organic photocatalysts aligns with green chemistry principles.