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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Author Spotlight: Elucidating the Pathways of TFH Cell Differentiation in Acute LCMV Challenges
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A Bcl6 Intronic Element Regulates T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation.

Chen-Yen Lai1, Nimi Marcel1, Allen W Yaldiko1

  • 1Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|August 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

FOXO1 transcription factor binding sites in the Bcl6 gene regulate T cell differentiation. Deleting these sites boosts BCL6 expression and T follicular helper (TFH) cell numbers, impacting cellular versus humoral immunity.

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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The immune system mounts cellular and antibody (Ab) responses to intracellular pathogens.
  • T follicular helper (TFH) cells are crucial for Ab responses, cooperating with B cells to form germinal centers.
  • BCL6 is a key transcription factor controlling T cell differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms controlling BCL6 expression in T cells.
  • To identify specific DNA sequences and transcription factors involved in Bcl6 gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cis-acting sequences in the first intron of the Bcl6 gene.
  • Investigating the role of FOXO1 transcription factor binding.
  • Gene expression analysis and cell population quantification in mouse and human T cells.

Main Results:

  • Identified conserved FOXO1-binding cis-acting sequences within the first Bcl6 intron.
  • Demonstrated that deletion of these FOXO1 binding sites increases BCL6 expression.
  • Observed an enhanced proportion of TFH cells upon deletion of these binding sites.

Conclusions:

  • FOXO1 binding to cis-acting elements in the Bcl6 intron is a critical regulatory mechanism.
  • This regulation influences the balance between cellular and humoral immunity by controlling TFH cell differentiation.
  • Reveals a fundamental control point for immune system responses.