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Related Concept Videos

Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

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Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...
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Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

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Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
296
Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

202
In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
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Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

946
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
946
Transformers in Distribution System01:27

Transformers in Distribution System

143
Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
Distribution substation transformers come in various ratings and typically use mineral oil for insulation and cooling. To prevent moisture and air from entering the oil, some transformers use an inert gas like nitrogen to fill the...
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How Instrument Transformers Influence Power Quality Measurements: A Proposal of Accuracy Verification Tests.

Gabriella Crotti1, Yeying Chen2, Huseyin Çayci3

  • 1Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Str. delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.

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|August 12, 2022
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Summary

Power quality monitoring in medium voltage grids is crucial due to renewable energy integration. This study proposes new tests to verify instrument transformer accuracy for power quality measurements, addressing a gap in current standards.

Keywords:
accuracyinstrument transformerspower qualitypower system measurements

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Power Systems Analysis

Background:

  • Large-scale renewable energy integration and non-linear loads increase power quality (PQ) disturbances in electrical distribution systems.
  • PQ monitoring is essential in medium voltage (MV) grids, requiring instrument transformers (ITs) to scale down measurements.
  • Current international standards lack requirements for verifying IT errors in PQ measurements, and literature coverage is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively assess the issue of IT accuracy in PQ measurements.
  • To propose and validate IT accuracy verification tests for various PQ parameters relevant to MV grids.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed enforced standards and scientific literature to select relevant PQ phenomena and their variation ranges for IT testing.
  • Proposed performance indices and test waveforms for each selected PQ phenomenon.
  • Validated the proposed verification procedure by characterizing two types of commercial voltage transformers.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive set of IT accuracy verification tests for PQ parameters was developed.
  • The proposed methodology was successfully applied to characterize commercial voltage transformers, demonstrating its practical applicability.
  • Identified specific PQ phenomena and associated test parameters crucial for IT evaluation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed IT accuracy verification tests provide a standardized approach for assessing measurement errors in PQ monitoring.
  • Addressing IT accuracy is critical for reliable PQ data in modern power systems with high renewable penetration.
  • This work fills a significant gap in the literature and standardization concerning IT performance for PQ analysis.