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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ion Channels01:19

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Pore Transport and Ion-Pair Transport01:17

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Pore transport and ion-pair formation are critical mechanisms for the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body.
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Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 1, 2025

Measurement of Ion Concentration in the Unstirred Boundary Layer with Open Patch-Clamp Pipette: Implications in Control of Ion Channels by Fluid Flow
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Measurement of Ion Concentration in the Unstirred Boundary Layer with Open Patch-Clamp Pipette: Implications in Control of Ion Channels by Fluid Flow

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Two-pore channels: going with the flows.

Anthony J Morgan1, Lora L Martucci1, Lianne C Davis1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|August 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-pore channels (TPCs) are crucial for cell signaling, regulating ion flow (Na+, Ca2+, H+) and impacting immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration.

Keywords:
Ca2+NAADPTPClysosomes

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Physiology

Background:

  • The endo-lysosomal TPC (two-pore channel) family plays a key role in cellular signal transduction.
  • TPCs are gated by second messengers NAADP and PI(3,5)P2.
  • Their function involves diverse cation conductances (Na+, Ca2+, H+).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the growing understanding of TPC structure, mechanisms, and functions.
  • To highlight the diverse signaling roles of TPCs.
  • To discuss the involvement of TPCs in various physiological and pathological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on TPCs.
  • Analysis of TPC gating mechanisms and ion permeabilities.
  • Examination of TPC distribution and roles in different tissues and organelles.

Main Results:

  • TPCs exhibit a wide range of cation conductances, enabling electrical, osmotic, and chemical signaling.
  • Tissue- and organelle-selective distribution of TPCs allows for specific responses to extracellular stimuli.
  • TPCs are implicated in fundamental processes including immunity, cancer, metabolism, viral infectivity, and neurodegeneration.

Conclusions:

  • TPCs are versatile regulators of cellular signaling with broad physiological and pathological relevance.
  • Further research into TPCs promises insights into numerous diseases.
  • The plasticity of TPC function makes them attractive targets for therapeutic interventions.